The Roman Family Center Of Roman Society free essay sample

The Roman Family: Center Of Roman Society Essay, Research Paper The Roman household after the coming of Christianity has been widely discussed in Roman History. Different historiographers have looked at the subject in different ways. There are two articles at manus, which deal with this really subject. Brent Shaw, The household in Late Antiquity: The Experience of Augustine and Douglas O? Roark, Parenthood in Late Antiquity. Both historiographers are looking at the household in late antiquity, after the clip that Christianity was introduced to the Roman society. Through an analysis of the two essays and mentions to the classical period it can be seen that: The Roman household has ever been an of import establishment in their society, it? s composing, functions and the maps changed little after the coming of Christianity. The EssaysEach of the historiographers has a solid cardinal statement, and their essays are laid out good. Shaw seeks to demo the construction and the maps of the Roman household in late antiquity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman Family Center Of Roman Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He besides seeks to unclutter up misconceptions of the Roman household. O? Roark? s statement seeks to demo the intimacy of the parents and kids in the Roman household. The of import thing to recognize is that both of these essays are looking at the Roman household in the same period, late antiquity, after the coming of Christianity. Besides of import to observe is both of these essays to non specifically speak about the impact of Christianity on the household. The essays can be used to cite against each other and against the Roman household in the Classical period. Information on the Classical period is given in G. Nathan? s article: Two Traditions. With the three essays one can come to a good decision about the impact of Christianity on the Roman household. In involvement of paper length the essays have been narrowed down to include lone cardinal subjects. First looking at similarities, so differences. ChildrenThis is the first chief facet of the household that both historiographers look at. The first point Shaw brings up is that chief intent of childbearing. This was for the married woman to bring forth a inheritor for the hubby. The male parent organized the whole house around this, in readying a boy to take everything over when he died. O? Roark states that a major factor in holding kids was to love and to care for them. He nevertheless can non deny that before this the realisation is that the male parent must hold kids to go through everything on to. In this thought O? Roark says that the kid? s function is to unrecorded life in readying for this transportation from the male parent. Initially this was the chief intent of kids, particularly boies, in the classical period as good. The following thought about kids concerns the benefits of holding them. First, kids can supply is economic support to the household. Shaw recognizes that conditions intended or non, kids were frequently needed to lend to the household income. O? Roark in a similar manner says there is a? common desire for many kids? . After a general read of the article I have concluded that one of the grounds he says this is the fact kids could be an economic resource to the household. O? Roark provides more item, stating that to few kids can ache the economic system of the household, while to many can run out it. Clearly he recognizes kids? s economic advantage. This economic part of kids was besides really valued in the Classical period. Shaw points out the other valuable function of the kid was to care for the parents in old age. This is the thought that kids would be the 1s who helped aging parents, and finally buried them. O? roark points out that for parents in old age who had nil to fall back on. Children were their protagonists in old age. In the classical period kids were to back up the parents in old age and trade with their entombment. Through these illustrations the reader can see that kids ever had some of import function in the Roman household. Parent-Child RelationsThis is the other chief country the two essays examine in common. This is a similar subject to kids, but it is important plenty to be separated. The majority of significance is put on the father-son dealingss. The Shaw article chiefly focuses on this. Shaw subscribes to the thought of? patria potestas? ; this is the thought that the oldest life male, in most instance? s the male parent, was maestro of all in the household. This included the married woman, kids, and other under the roof. Right from the start the relationship between male parent and boy is one of unequal balance. The male parent was dominant, and if you were the boy you were to obey your male parent. Everything that the boy did and everything that he owned was capable to his male parent? s laterality. The boy had a love # 8211 ; fright relationship with male parent. In bend what the boy got out of this relationship was the fact his male parent was the 1 that took attention of him, and in decease he would acquire all that was his male parent? s. The male parent was to maintain the boy in line so that he will be responsible in taking over the estate. In respects to train Shaw says that male parents must? subject and cultivate their boies? . The male parent was the instructor, and the boy was the scholar. With this information it can be seen both got something out of the relationship. The male parent got the benefits of his boy every bit good as a inheritor, and the boy got to claim all that was his male parent? s when he died. Shaw alludes to the fact that the male parent boy relationship could arouse tenseness as good. The boy may non desire to wait to his male parent? s decease to acquire full liberty. This could take to tenseness in which the boy wants to be off from the male parent or may resent him for his power. Following O? Roark puts forth some of the same thoughts. O? Roark tends to brood more on the emotional fond regard to kids, but still shows similarities to Shaws findings. O? Roark says that in the clip of antiquity the kid was still under their male parent as maestro of the household. O? Roark says it is the male parent? s occupation to learn the boy and to do him proper. What the male parent is non able to make, he is to acquire coachs to assist with. . I have concluded this is to acquire the boy ready for duty when he is caput of the household. This is similar to what Shaw implies. Shaw besides talks about possible tenseness that may be in the relationship. There is the impression that the male parent had to be careful non to set to much force per unit area on the boy, else the boy may flog out and strike the male parent. Once once more both historiographers thoughts are similar to those of the Classical period. In the Classical period the boy was under the function of his male pa rent as the maestro. The boy? s place had ever been submissive to the male parent. Equally good in the Classical period boy? s got all that was the male parents at clip of decease. Something worthy to observe is that O? Roark goes into some talk of the mother-daughter relationship, whereas Shaw does non. O? Roark says that the function of the Mother was similar to that of the male parent, but pertained largely disciplinarian function. It was the female parent that was to learn the girl all that she had to cognize. As male parent? s taught boies to one twenty-four hours take over all he had, the female parent girl? s to be a proper married woman and the responsibilities that went with her function. In the classical period the function of the female parent was similar. In the classical period the married woman was the 2nd in bid. The female parent was to learn the girl what she needed to last in society, particularly the facets of being a good married woman Roman Family StructureThis is the first major point of contrast between the two essays. One of the cardinal points in the Shaw essay is the layout and construction of the Roman household. Shaw first references that, as stated before, the male parent was the caput of the family and all of its members were under him. Shaw references slaves as portion of the construction of the household, and capable to the male parent? s regulation. Slaves were besides a important portion of the household construction in the classical period. Shaw says the construction of the household could be non merely of the atomic household, but besides included grandparents, slaves, in-laws, lodgers, or any other people that may shack under the same roof. Shaw states that the construction of the family could incorporate non merely a married woman, but a? courtesan? every bit good. With these illustrations Shaw seeks to turn out that the construction of the household was non merely how we see the typical household today. Alternatively he says that the atomic household was the nucleus of the construction but the household could ramify out much like a tree to include many other members, such as references supra. Equally good in the classical period the household consisted of the atomic household every bit good as extended household. The O? Roark essay is different. The difference is really simple. O? Roark does non straight look at the household construction. The lone household O? Roark references is the atomic household. His essay is one that looks at the relationships between the parents and the kids ; hence there is no talk of any drawn-out household construction. The two essays contrast on the subject non because they disagree, but instead one references household construction, as one of its chief points and the other does non. Husband? Wife RelationsThe other major contrast between the two essays is talk of the husband-wife relationship in the Christian period. Once once more it is the Shaw essay that negotiations about the topic, the O? Roark 1 that leaves it out. Shaw states the hubby had contro cubic decimeter over the married woman in much the same manner that he did over the kids. He was the 1 with the power and she was non. ? Wifes were non permitted so much as to distribute alms or to alter their apparels without the hubby? s permission? . Again, as with the boies, the married woman had a love-fear relationship to the hubby. Most all-domestic differences were kept within the four walls of the place? the married woman was the most likely looser at the manus of stronger hubby. Often when the hubby was disquieted or in a fury it was the married woman that was the looser, she was normally the first in his way. As good hubbies were non ever faithful the married womans. It was about seen as a customary pattern. The hubby was to hold a adult female outside of the matrimony. The same leisure was non extended to the married woman. The married woman was watched over by the hubby as if she were domestic belongings. This was to forestall her from holding relationships with other work forces. Maltreatment of the married woman could frequently be a common happening. Often the lone defence that the married woman had was to advance the thought of love and regard between the spouses. Shaw Concludes stating non all relationships were this manner, nevertheless this was the instance for a batch of married adult females. These thoughts are similar to 1s from classical times in which the married woman was under the hubby, and the hubby acted about as a instructor to the married woman. In classical times the married woman was to be pure and devoted to merely one adult male, as Shaw provinces. In the O? Roark essay one time once more this is a subject that is left out. In the talk of parent to child relationships it can be assumed that O? Roark left out husband-wife dealingss because they were non cardinal to his statement. Once once more it is non the instance that the two historiographers disagreed on the topic, but merely the fact that one included this information in their statement and the other did non. Evaluation of SourcesThis is a great state of affairs for an analysis. One subject, two different historiographers, two separate beginnings of information used by each. Shaw uses one chief beginning so frequently it is fundamentally his lone beginning. The Beginning he uses is a Roman church male parent from late antiquity, Augustine. Augustine switched over to Christianity. After he was baptized and converted he became the Bishop of Hippo until he died. Augustine wrote many of import theological Hagiographas in the late 4th and early 5th century on the church, Christianity, and God. There are a few strengths and failings to Augustine as a beginning, Shaw points to some of these. Get downing with the strengths, it can be concluded that Augustine held a privileged position within the Christian church. Augustine came from a good household and was a well-thought-of adult male. His histories are normally assumed to be accurate records. Just as today we value the Hagiographas and sentiments of the church caputs, it seems that given his position at the clip one could value his histories based on his place. Who better to go forth histories of Roman society so a church caput, who was educated and could enter many of the events in society. Augustine is besides a good beginning for the fact that most of the beginnings of the clip are biased to the upper category ideals and patterns. Augustine? s church based Hagiographas and sentiments might be somewhat different, and therefore valuable as a different sentiment. Last Augustine is valuable for the most obvious ground ; he w as a firsthand informant who was populating at the clip. As the Bishop of Hippo Augustine was able to hold first manus observation of many households and parishioners to establish his Hagiographas. Thankss to his place, as Bishop, Augustine had both the clip and resources to detect and compose. These chances may non hold been available to those in lower, less good off places in society. On the other manus there is some noticeable jobs with this beginning. The chief one being that prophesying and practising are two different things. Augustine has no lasting Hagiographas from the clip before his transition to Christianity. This being the instance we can non compare his Hagiographas to early 1s of his ain. If one had entree to his earlier Hagiographas they might demo a alteration in his thoughts based on his transition, therefore Christianity may bias his Hagiographas. Augustine wrote about the household and society in the manner that he thought is should be. This nevertheless does non needfully intend that this is an accurate word picture of how Roman society and household really was. In fact what Augustine wrote about was likely non indistinguishable to what common pattern. Another of import failing to Augustine is that his Hagiographas are biased in a male political orientation of Roman society. His ideas are based on male power, action and premises about society. L ast Augustine lived in a spiritual community in Hippo. His chief ascertained group was it? s spiritual community. Augustine? s Hagiographas are based on the sections of society that he could to detect, and so generalized to the larger society. One has to inquire if what applies for one group of society can be generalized to the remainder. In general Augustine was is a reasonably good beginning, nevertheless one must retrieve that his Hagiographas are to be taken with some of these considerations. O? Roark, besides chooses to utilize one chief beginning, which is fundamentally the lone beginning that he uses. The beginning O? Roark uses is a church male parent, John Chrysostom. Until he was the age of 50 he served in Antioch, where most of his sermon? s were against Judaism. In 398 he became a bishop in Constantinople and died in 407. Chrysostom wrote about the same clip that of Augustine, tardily three 100s and early four 100s. With the similarities in position and clip period we see that there are a batch of the same strengths and failings of the beginnings. As strength it is recognized that Chrysostom was a dependable orator. Chrysostom was an educated adult male that had much experience with faith. With a more leisured life of a Bishop, and a good instruction Chrysostom was likely good learned and reasonably accurate. His place as Bishop likely allowed him to detect the country that he practiced in. Besides Chrysostom was besides a firsthand informant of what he wrote approximately. There are besides some evident failings to Chrysostom. First most of his audience was affluent upper category. This may non be able to be applied to society as a whole. This is similar to Augustine. It was non like either of these work forces could acquire up and go around all of Rome to see society, alternatively they had to trust on those close to detect. Again, work forces were seen to busy a more privileged place is society. Chrysostom? s positions, like those of Augustine? s, were likely biased by the dominated male positions and political orientations about how society was seen. The analysis of Chrysostom is shorter so that of Augustine for the fact that as I mentioned they have many of the same strengths and failings. Chrysostom is a reasonably dependable beginning, but we must retrieve to take some of his failings into history. Both beginnings have their portion of strengths and failings. The Better EssayI do non believe that either one of these essays was better so the other. The essays do non seek to turn out the same statements. The quality of the essays can non be compared against each other, but instead in their ain rights. Shaw does a good occupation of puting out the construction and many of the maps of the Roman household. Shaw sought out to do certain points, he was successful. Shaw leaves the reader with a clear image of the Roman household in late antiquity. The O? Roark essay was every bit converting in his ain right. O? Roark sets out to turn out there were close relationships between parents and kids in Roman society, and does a good occupation of this. O? Roark? s essay is particularly good done because he non merely looks at father-son dealingss, but besides at mother-daughter dealingss. This is really of import. Many of the beginnings staying are written chiefly about work forces. It is great that we are able to take at a brief expression into one of the functions of the adult female in the Roman household. The bottom line is that Shaw writes about the construction and the maps of the Roman household. From the grounds in this essay one can see he supports his intent good. Both writers looked at facets of the household after the coming of Christianity. Both historiographers seek to turn out something about the Roman household in late antiquity. In making this they give us a mention of the household after the coming of Christianity, this in bend can be compared to the Roman household in the classical period. After comparing of the two essays against each other, and against the household in the classical period it seems obvious: The Roman household has ever been an of import establishment in their society, it? s composing, functions and the maps changed little after the coming of Christianity. BibliographyFreeman, Charles. Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford, Great Britain. : Oxford University Press, 1999. Nathan, G. ? Two Traditions. ? Readings in the Roman Family. ( Winter 2002 ) : 15-54, 196-206. O? Roark, Douglas. ? Parenthood in Late Antiquity: The Evidence of Chrysostom. ? Readings in the Roman Family. ( Winter 2002 ) : 53-81. Shaw, Brent. ? The Family in Late Antiquity: The Experience of Augustine. ? Readings in the Roman Family, ( Winter 2002 ) : 3-51.

Decision Making Tools and Techniques

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Brand positioning is all about a customers perception about the product. There are certain ways for a brand to be positioned, e.g. offering specific benefits, targeting a specific segment, pricing and distribution. Brand positioning is an important concept in which a company can decide where it wants to position its brand in its field relative to competition. Brand positioning is a thinking that guides a company to build a relationship between the brand and customers. Brand positioning gives space in the customers mind, so the company become in the better position to control over its own brand image. Price and quality are the most common attributes are considered in the brand positioning. To get a good position in the customers mind the company introduce brand of a good quality with on competitive price. The quality of the product must be at least equivalent or better from the competitors. Quality perception is the most powerful element of the brand positioning. Once a company is successful in building a powerful perception of quality will result in building a powerful brand. Psychological element is dominant to some extent in building a quality perception as some peoples psyche is that the product with high price tag is of good quality. Communicating brands through their specific features is another way to position brands, e.g. Clinic all clear, Dare to wear Black or Pakistan and India surf excel is advertised as stain remover, Surf Excel hena. Culture is another strong aspect to the brand positioning. Different companies use cultural symbols to differentiate products from their competitors. Examples including, Air India advertise through Maharaja, Tata tea, Hamara Bajaj etc. Treedeuce.com Brand Extension Brand extension  is a marketing strategy in which a firm that markets a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name but in a different product category. Brandexpress.net When a firm uses its brand in another product form, or even within another product class, then the firm is stretching the brand (also referred to as brand extension). Iain Ellwood, 2002 Virgin is the good example of brand extension as they sell everything from records to airline travel, to cola drinks to wedding parties from clothing to cosmetic and computers. This is successful in brand extension because it has the ability to connect the customer directly and give them values. Many firms attempt to extend their brands but all the brand extensions are not suitable or desirable. An extended brand always works best in a top to down direction. It is always easy for a company to bring brand extension from relatively cheaper product line. Ralph Lauren and Gucci are the best example. Ralph Lauren extended from luxury clothing to jeans and bed linen while Gucci brand is extended from luxury clothes to oven gloves, cooking aprons and dog toys. An extended brand has a low introductory cost because the customers, traders and retailer are well aware of the product. Brand extension brings options to the customers through variety of products. If the product is of lower quality, will result in damaging in overall brand value. Iain Ellwood, 2002 Caterpillar is one of the biggest non-sporting footwear companies in the world with its brand CAT. This is basically a construction and mining equipment manufacturing company that extended their brand in this potential segment. It was perceived that it is the biggest mistake of the caterpillar but the extension was a big success. Sometimes the brand extension, implemented incorrectly due to less understanding. LEGO is a Danish toy manufacturing company, decided to extend its brand and launched its own product line of cloths, watches and video games but it was ignored by its target market, that result half of its employee are redundant back in 2004. Kotler et al, 2009 Michelin and Goodyear are the French companies, famous for making rubber tyres and having a number of brand extensions. Michelin brand extensions are car and cycle related product, footwear and clothing, sports and leisure and personal accessories. On the other hand Goodyear becomes the partner of the Adidas to make a series of driving shoes. Kotler et al 2006 We can see normally financial services providers have not attempted to extend their brands, and only concern with their original market. On the other hand, there are too many non-financial service providers extended directly to the financial services. E.g. Tesco extended its market to Tesco banking and Tesco insurance. Benefits of branding To customers People buy brands, because they are well aware of the quality of the product and save time and efforts. Buying a branded product can give customers a peace of mind and credibility. Most of the branded products have warranty policies, which gives customers assurance of a quality product. Some big companies having product replacing policies, e.g. DeWalt a power tool manufacturing company, replace the product immediately in case of damage. To intermediaries/stakeholders There are certain benefits of branding to different stakeholders, that directly/indirectly effecting the organisation. Multinational organisations always have the strategy for social, environmental and economic issues, so Companies contribute to the societies in which they operate. Brands follow government regulations to minimise any adverse effect to the environment and pays tax and create job opportunities that help governments to control over unemployment. Employees always attract to innovative companies where learning opportunities are always there to enhance their career. Multinational companies give assurance of the job security and give career path at the time of recruiting them. Instead of supplying goods directly to retailers, companies distribute goods through agents or distributers. Distributers get long-term agreements from the known brand companies and also benefits from the goodwill of from that brand. Retailer can get benefits from the companys overall marketing campaign. Sustainable competitive advantage When two or more firms compete within the same market, one firm possesses a competitive advantage over its rivals when it earns (or has the potential) to earn a persistently higher rate of profit. Grant, 2002 It is very important for every organisation to be successful in long term. Effective corporate branding is certainly the main source of getting sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Worlds famous corporate brands do not sell products, they sell concepts, e.g. Coca Cola does not sell a soft drink, it sells enjoyment and Microsoft does not sells computers, it sells possibility. Brand designers create a corporate brand identity through promotional material and advertising campaign to establish a corporate identity. There are certain brand characteristics that lead a company to get sustainable competitive advantage. A well designed logo and a strong identity system can give a company an edge over its competitors. Through Brand Identity A unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist aspires to create or maintain. These associations represent what the brand stands for and imply a promise to customers from the organisation members. Aaker, 2004 Brand identity is the way a company aims to identify or position itself or its product or service. Kotler et al, 2009 Brand identity is the first thing that a customer experience and plays a major role in getting a sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Brand attributes are is a bag of features that shows the personality of a brand and these attributes help to create brand identity. Brand identity is supported by emotional and unique elements and values, serve to distinguish the brand in the market, especially for progressively competitive environments, service organisations and recreational sectors. Brand identity creates a distinct identity that is very hard for the competitors to duplicate. The main elements to build a strong brand identity are human resources, organisational culture, organisational structure, stationary, company cards, company dà ©cor, packing, catalogue, market and innovation etc. Kotler et al, 2009 Through Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is considered as ultimate reward for a brand as it is another factor which leads a company to get a sustainable competitive advantage. Customers always prefer to buy those brands they are loyalty with, even though that is expensive and have close substitutes in the market. Apples iPod is a product to listen mp3/mp4 music, and the big electronic giants like Sony, Panasonic and so many other companies have same product with same features at the relatively low price than Apples iPod. Majority of the customers buy iPod just because they are loyal with the brand. Through Brand Equity Brand is a symbol of extremely precious part of legal property, that can control consumer behaviour and it also provides the protection of persistent future revenues to the firm. Brand equity is called the amount that is directly or indirectly accrues by these various benefits. Kapferer, 2005; keller, 2003 Companies invest huge amount of money to develop brand equity. Brands with high equity win the space in the market because of the uniqueness, reliable services and continuous and effective relationship with the customers. Stronger brand image takes a company to financial advantage through the brand equity. Brand equity leads a company to charge perineum prices for the product to raise their profit margin.

Chinese Philosophy and Poetry Essay

One of the most prevalent beliefs of the Chinese philosophies is that men are born good. People are naturally good unless they fail to develop their feelings and senses. Confucianism teaches that a lack of knowledge can be the cause to evil. In Poem 238, a woman named Chiang Yuan gave birth to the human race by sacrificing and praying to God. She bore her child easily because she sought after blessings from God. Confucianism teaches that good things will come to those who are good and do good. A. N. Whitehead’s quotation of a Cambridge vicar says, â€Å"For well-conducted people, life presents no problems.† The mother in the poem seemed to be well-conducted and therefore she was blessed with a painless, easy childbirth. It says that God gave her ease and blessed her because he was pleased with the sacrifice and prayer. The poem paints a picture of how even the animals protected the baby. This might be because of their view of being born flawless and without evil. This baby was protected by the animals because there was no evil in him. Hou Chi, the baby boy, grew up to be a wise man and continued to be blessed and prospered through his crops and farming. He would be considered to be the â€Å"superior man† because of his moral wisdom and his ability to tell right from wrong. Because he lived by his mother’s example and gave sacrifices to God, good things came to him. The power of moral example is strongly shown here. His mother first taught him the importance of sacrifice and prayer and through that, he learned to do the same and show respect and fear God. Another philosophy is the importance of filial piety and reverence. Parents are revered because they give life to their children and sacrifice much for them. The child brought honor to his mother by keeping her religious traditions. God was pleased by his actions and blessed him his entire life. This is a very ideal form of what a man can be like, but it is very unrealistic. If man were actually born good, then evil would not have such a major influence and affect everyday lives.